In the context of web application security, which term is used to refer to vulnerabilities related to data exposure?

The correct choice is sensitive data exposure, which specifically addresses vulnerabilities where sensitive information is improperly protected and can be accessed by unauthorized users. This can include scenarios where sensitive data such as personal identifiable information (PII), financial information, or health records are stored without adequate encryption, access controls, or security measures in place.

Sensitive data exposure emphasizes the importance of securing data both at rest and in transit, ensuring that it cannot be intercepted or accessed by malicious actors. This term encompasses a wide range of potential security issues, including those arising from weak cryptography, improper server configurations, or insufficient data masking.

The other terms refer to different aspects of web application security vulnerabilities. Insecure direct object references pertain to flaws that allow unauthorized access to objects based on user input without proper validation. Broken authentication involves weaknesses that could allow attackers to exploit authentication mechanisms, often leading to unauthorized user access. Security misconfiguration indicates improper settings on applications, servers, or databases that could expose applications to vulnerabilities. Each of these terms highlights crucial areas in web application security, but only sensitive data exposure focuses on the direct risks associated with protecting sensitive information from exposure to unauthorized parties.