Which kind of vulnerability is characterized by allowing unauthorized users to perform actions beyond their permissions?

The correct answer is associated with how certain vulnerabilities in a system mismanage user permissions, which can lead to unauthorized actions being performed. The most relevant term for this type of vulnerability is "Access Control Vulnerability," as it addresses the failures in a system’s access control mechanisms. These vulnerabilities arise when the system does not properly enforce rules that dictate what an individual user is allowed to do.

Access Control Vulnerabilities can manifest as various issues, such as insufficient authentication measures or flaws in the configuration of security settings, which allow users to interact with functions or data they should not access. This can result in users executing actions or viewing information that is beyond their designated access rights, leading to potential security breaches and data compromise.

While the other terms might touch upon issues related to permissions, "Access Control Vulnerability" specifically captures the essence of improperly managed user permissions leading to unauthorized actions.